General Guidelines for Corrosion Prevention and Corrosion Protection
Corrosion Guidelines - These guidelines outline the corrosion evaluation and recommendation aspects of siteinvestigations for California Department of Transportation (Department) projects. The guidelines list the requirements for field investigations related to corrosion, including requirements for sampling of soil and water, required corrosion testing, reporting of results, requests for assistance, and corrosion mitigation measures (design alternatives).
Guidelines for use of statistics for
analysis of sample inspection
of corrosion-This document is intended to advise plant engineers and inspection personnel on
methods for analysing and extrapolating inspections for large plant items including
vessels, pipework and pipelines, taking into account the statistical nature of corrosion.The document is intended to introduce the methods of statistical analysis of corrosion inspection data. Before the methodology is included in standards, practical experience of industrial applications is needed to identify the most relevant distributions and statistical
techniques.
CORROSION, INSPECTION & PROTECTION - The purpose of this
chapter is to provide information that will help maintenance personnel prevent,
control, identify, and treat various types of corrosion.Preventing Corrosion in Steel Bridges
- Each year the Federal
Government and State departments of transportation (DOTs) spend billions of
dollars on bridge rehabilitation and maintenance due to corrosion. On bridges,
corrosion is most often caused when steel is exposed to atmospheric conditions,
such as salt, moisture, and oxygen. To prevent corrosion on bridges,
transportation agencies apply a protective coating to the steel.Metals & Corrosion - Ministry of Defence
Defence Standard 02-738 (NES 738)
- This NES is a guide
to the use of preferred metallic materials for use in selected applications in
Surface Ships and Submarines . General information is given on the properties
and selection of metals, metal processing and finishing, testing, failure modes,
and corrosionCorrosion Manual for Internal
Corrosion of Water Distribution Systems| US EPA - Corrosion
Prevention and Control: A Program Management Guide for Selecting Materials
-Advanced Materials,
Manufacturing, and Testing Information Analysis Center -
Corrosion is a process that occurs when a material deteriorates due to its
interaction with the surrounding environment in which an electrochemical
reaction consumes the material through oxidation. As a material corrosively
deteriorates, its material properties likewise degrade. The result of corrosion
manifests itself as weapon system or component failure at the worst or unsightly
appearance at the best, and it’s important to realize that corrosion occurs in
nearly all weapon systems and operating environmentsMIL-HDBK-735 -
MATERIAL DETERIORATION PREVENTION AND CONTROL GUIDE FOR
ARMY MATERIEL, PART ONE, METALS
NASA -
CORROSION CONTROL AND
TREATMENT MANUAL - A properly implemented
corrosion control program will disclose corrosion attack in the early stages.
Minor maintenance can correct such corrosion. Preventive maintenance is the most
cost-effective method of controlling corrosion, including problems caused by
poor design. The atmosphere at KSC contains a high salt content that is readily
deposited on exposed surfaces. This, combined with acidic solid rocket booster
effluent that is pH of 1 to 2, substantial rainfall, steady winds, low land
elevation, and generally high humidity and temperature, results in an ideal
environment for extensive metal corrosion. These conditions induce both
electrolytic action and chemical reactions dependent upon the metals involved
and how they are used. Although corrosion control is primarily the
responsibility of the maintainer of the equipment, the designer is responsible
for providing hardware that will not present unnecessary problems.High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to
Aqueous Corrosion
-
Due to their excellent corrosion resistance and good
mechanical properties, the Special Metals nickel-based alloys are used for a
broad range of applications in an equally broad range of industries, including
chemical and petrochemical processing, pollution control, oil and gas
extraction, marine engineering, power generation, and pulp and paper
manufacture. The alloys' versatility and reliability make them the prime
materials of choice for construction of process vessels, piping systems, pumps,
valves and many other applications designed for service in aqueous and
high-temperature environmentsHigh-alloy materials
for aggressive
environmentsHigh-temperature alloys from
ThyssenKrupp VDM for industrial engineeringSELECTION GUIDE- ENVIRONMENTAL CORROSION PROTECTION -
Corrosion is costly. By definition, corrosion is the
destruction or deterioration of a metal or alloy through chemical, physical, or
electrochemical reaction with the environment. As applied to HVAC equipment,
exposure to various elements in the environment can lead to localized and/or
general corrosion of heating and cooling coils. Improperly protected coils in
corrosive areas can lead to premature performance degradation, unsightly surface
conditions and, under the most severe conditions, equipment failure. This can be
costly to the customer and result in lost sales caused by the perception of poor
product quality. Fortunately, corrosion can be minimized in most cases with
proper coil protection. -
Atmospheric corrosion is not a very clearly defined subject.
It occupies the territory between immersed corrosion and dry oxidation, since
metals may be exposed to damp atmospheres or may be subjected to the full force
of the weather. It is usually taken to include packaging and storage, painting
and preparation for painting, and the effects of climate and air purity. This
contribution will concentrate mainly on corrosion of iron and steel, with
sideglances at other metals where necessary -
The use of steel in bridges goes back over 100 years. A
notable example is the imposing Forth Rail bridge in Scotland, which was
completed in 1890. The scale and size of this significant landmark was a major
achievement in construction engineering, and the structure has stood the test of
time. The surface preparation and painting systems used on this bridge, and on
similar old steel bridges, are quite primitive by modern standards and frequent
maintenance is required to ensure a continued serviceable life. - The purpose of this guide is to create an
improved awareness of how best to avoid the corrosion of metal gutter drainage
systems that are installed in a wide variety of industrial, commercial and
historic buildings. These buildings are distributed throughout the UK and
therefore their drainage systems are exposed to rural, marine and industrial
environments. If the life expectancy of any system is to be achieved then it is
important that all those involved with their manufacture, installation and
maintenance ensure that best practice is achieved at all times and preferably
within the appropriate BS, EN specifications or those recommended by the
manufacturer or supplier. -
This guide acts as a source of advice for all those who
use copper and stainless steel pipework in hot and cold potable water systems.
Its purpose is to create an improved awareness of the factors responsible for
corrosion problems and to highlight and compliment the existing technical
literature (Appendix A).
Corrosion of shore and waterfront facilities is a common
and serious problem. Naval shore establishment losses to corrosion are estimated
at over one-half billion dollars annually. Corrosion related costs and the
adverse impact on mission readiness are of increasing concern. Additionally a
corrosion leak in a POL tank or pipeline could be very expensive for cleanup and
could effect the mission adversely. Action to control corrosion or to repair
corrosion damage are among the most frequent reasons for performing maintenance
on shore and waterfront facilities -
Corrosion involves the reaction of a metallic material
with its environment and is a natural process in the sense that the metal is
attempting to revert to the chemically combined state in which it is almost
invariably found in the earth’s crust. Whilst it is, therefore, a process that
may be expected to occur, it should not be regarded as inevitable and its
control or prevention is possible through a variety of means. The latter have
their origins in electrochemistry, since the reactions involved in causing
corrosion are electrochemical in nature, but corrosion control is as much in the
hands of the engineering designer as it is the province of the corrosion
prevention specialist. To the engineer, corrosion may be regarded as resulting
in a variety of changes in the geometry of structures or components that
invariably lead, eventually, to a loss of engineering function e.g. general
wastage leading to decrease in section, pitting leading to perforation, cracking
leading to fracture.